A Comparison Between The Works Of Amedeo Modigliani And Jacques Villon

A Comparison between the Works of Amedeo Modigliani and Jacques Villon A Comparison between the Works of Amedeo Modigliani and Jacques Villon Italian-born Cubist painter, Amedeo Modigliani (1884-1920) and the French, Jacques Villon (1875-1963), both painted vibrant and expressive portraits during the early twentieth-century. In this case, the chosen portraits are Modigliani's "Portrait of Mrs. Hastings", 1915 and Villon's "Mme. Fulgence", 1936. Both of these compositions are portraits. Nothing is of more importance than the sitter herself. The female sitter in Modigliani's piece, sits in an almost dizzying pose with a twist in her elongated neck (a Modigliani trademark), a stylized and mask-like head and a columnar neck. All of which give the sitter a blank and ashen expression. She looks at the viewer, head-on with a most piercing air in her eyes. In Villon's case, his female sitter has been created solely with the use of layered colours and a very random synthetist outline technique (a similar technique the post-impressionist painter Gaugin used). Modigliani outlines his figure moreso in black than Villon. Mme. Fulgence's age is understood by the strong dynamic colour quality that has been used to break her face apart. In a way, these colourful divisions act as wrinkles. For instance, the chunk of layered pink on her lip creates a scowl and the heavily applied white on her nose helps it to seem upright; a 'snobbish' upturn. Colours such as the orange, have been used to highlight her left cheek and only visible ear. With these effects, the viewer sees Mme. Fulgence as a very proper and'posh' (if you will) woman. Bitterness is only a common linkage with the other attributes. Modigliani's Hastings on the other hand seems to be an intense woman of a compassionate nature. Both of these pieces have relied heavily on the expressive and wild use of colour to create emotional expressions and unerring form. Both of these portraits are created using oil paints--Modigliani's on cardboard and Villon's on canvas. The most important element that draws their work away from the mainstream is their heavy application of paint. Although they both apply their colour liberally, Modigliani's strokes are thick, jagged, and for the most part random. His brushstrokes are also particularly long, whereas Villon's are short and brief. Modigliani uses monochromatic hues of red to create the prominent colour of the piece and like Villon, he has used a very vague background to express the importance of his sitter. Colour is of equal importance in both pieces as it draws the viewer in and allows the viewer's eyes to be brought around the piece. Modigliani has split his background from top to bottom, using red and strokes of burnt sienna at first, then an auburn and deeper red for the bottom. This definite split in the background creates a base so that the chair on which the sitter is seated does not get lost and mistaken for part of the background. The weighty application in both portraits creates a brilliant textural finish. The expressive nature that is brought out in the quick brushstrokes is equally defined in the actual texture of the painting plain. In Modigliani's background, the strokes are long and applied at a rapid pace. Whereas in Villon's background, his strokes are shorter and seem to have more of a planned location (just as Seurat applies his paint). Villon has placed his subject in front of the background in an almost symmetrical manner. This poses the idea that the two really do not have an intense relationship whatsoever. The 'Madame' is not quite centred to look at the viewer dead-on as Modigliani's is, her body is shifted slightly to the left. Modigliani's sitter, on the other hand has been placed carefully on her foreground, off to the left. This brings in ample space for the chair. Having his subject seated, Modigliani says more about the subject's surroundings. Villon has merely placed Mme. Fulgence in front of a green background, with only the highlights of her age to carry one through the piece. As stated before, the negative space that is prevalent in both pieces is highly effective as it does not take away from the issue at hand: the seated. Both artists have used the application of their colours to their advantage in creating emotion merely through its use. Whether the colours are blended like Modigliani or choppy and difficult to ingest (for the colours are used at their most vibrant tone) as Villon's are, both artist's used an extreme colour palette to bring forth the ideal emotions and/or physical standing of their models.

War and The Human Psyche essays

War and The Human Psyche essays The experience of war places stresses on the human spirit that can scarcely be imagined in peacetime. Dilemmas that can be largely avoided in time of peace must be faced in a time of war. Concern for ones own physical safety is often at odds with concern for the wellbeing of ones countrymen. The dictates of the mind often fight the dictates of the emotions. In such a tug of war situation, where practical and moral factors align themselves in strange and ironic patterns, it is hardly surprising that individuals respond in highly divergent ways. In this paper, the dangers that war poses to the human psyche will be considered and an attempt will be made to account for the some of the variability that can be seen in the way in which individuals respond to these threats. An examination of two books suggests that certain character traits help inoculate people in time of war, better enabling them to withstand the assaults of war. It also suggests that the absence of certain traits makes people vulnerable when they are placed in threatening circumstances. In examining two literary works: The Screwtape Letters by C.S. Lewis and The English Patient by Michael Ondaatje three character traits that were necessary in order to ensure spiritual survival were clearly shown. These traits were faith, courage, and loyalty. In the course of this paper, special attention will be given to the character traits described above. The significance of their presence or absence in the personalities of a number of literary characters will be considered. In The Screwtape Letters, Lewis portrays an anonymous English protagonist struggling to maintain his spiritual integrity against the assaults of temptations of Hell during World War Two. In The English Patient, Ondaa tje portrays a group of characters, brought together by their circumstances, reacting to what the author portrays as the tidal wave of war. The importance of faith...

Pronouncing the Phoneme for a Foreign Speaker of English Research Paper

Pronouncing the Phoneme for a Foreign Speaker of English - Research Paper Example Roach (1983) describes four functions of intonation as he explains how speakers employ intonation to communicate effectively. The first is the attitudinal function of intonation, which allows people to convey their emotions through a particular tone. For instance, if one can say  ´Good luck’ in such a way as to convey genuine enthusiasm for someone’s prospects, or else utter the same words in a sarcastic way which betrays one’s envy for that other person. Prosodic (loudness, speed, pitch range), sequential (pauses, tonic syllables), and paralinguistic (body language) components play a great part in this function. The accentual function of intonation serves to convey stressed syllables. Usually, tonic syllables are used to convey information. For example, in  ´I’m taking the children to the cinema’, the  ´tonic stress’ (Roach, p. 183) would be on the word  ´cinema’, since it provides information which the speaker needs to stress . The grammatical function of intonation serves to indicate the syntactic aspects of a language and to clarify certain ambiguities. One could ask,  ´The exam’s tomorrow, isn’t it?’ either by employing falling intonation in the tag question (so that the speaker is merely asking for confirmation) or by employing a rising intonation, so that the speaker demonstrates doubt about the statement. The other function Roach describes is the discourse function, where intonation gives indications about the context of an utterance. Stress tends to be placed on words that convey unexpected information, for instance, "He is actually studying".

Compare and Contrast Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Compare and Contrast - Research Paper Example This paper is a comparison of two Islamic arts: The Great Mosque of Cordoba in Spain and the Mamluk Glass Oil Lamp. Enameled as well as gilded glass lamps were custom-made in big numbers for most Cairo built mosques by Mamluk Sultans as well as their Amirs. Lamp donation was contemplated as respectful act towards God. Such an act connects to a Koran text that explains that God is the Heaven’s as well as Earth’s light. This verse explains further that the light of God happens to resemble a niche within which one can find a lamp. This lamp is glass made while the glass resembles a brilliant star. The Mosque lamp also is decorated using bold encryption frieze that contains Sayf al-Din Shaykhu al-Nasiri’s names as well as title, also his heraldic device that joins a red cap is situated at the roundels center on the neck as well as the lamp’s underside. The wealth as well as influence of Shykhu made him a Cairo’s significant art as well as architecture patron (Over 11 Mosque lamps that are inscribed similarly. It is most likely that these are from the mosque of Shayk hu at Citadel’s foot in Cairo that got completed in the year 1349 as well as taken as among its time’s finest (British Museum). The great Mosque of Cordoba which is as well known as Mezquita, is among the Islamic civilization Jewels. Unlike the malmuk lamps that were of the 14th century, the temple was began in during the 8th century by the Emir Abd al-Rahman I, in the year 745, added in the year 833 by   Abd al-Rahman II and in the 10th century ended by the Vizier  al-Mansur and al-Hakam II. The most decorative as well as striking of the 4 phases is the one by al-Hakam that contains the mirhab (niche within the wall that faces Mecca) ( Khan Academy). The great mosque’s growth was a symbol of the increasing power of the city and came in hand with population growth hence need for

Litigation, mediation, arbitration response Essay

Litigation, mediation, arbitration response - Essay Example major advantages of litigation is that it empowers people to come forward to take legal actions against abusers even after several years of the real incident. When the term ‘abuse’ is taken in broader sense, it involves physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse, verbal abuse, financial abuse, social abuse etc. In that context, many of these issues can be sensibly resolved through arbitration and mediation. Hoffman (2nd post) has logically pointed out the swiftness of arbitration in his post. Arbitration in many situations increases the scope of immediate conclusion and reasonable settlement as compared to other alternatives. Hoffman’s view on litigation seems right, for all that matter in litigation is ‘to win over the other’ rather than getting justice. Ferdinand (3rd post) has technical knowledge in all forms of dispute resolutions. Although people consider litigation as the final alternative of resolution, it does not mean that a party cannot later return to an arbitrator or mediator for settlement. 1. The major function of the agency in which I work is to help people resolve issues associated with rent arrears. Admittedly, the dispute resolution service is operational, and it often replaces the formal courts and tribunal hearings with mediation and arbitration. How efficiently and swiftly an issue is settled depends on numerous factors including but not limited to the complexity of the issue, its nature, time required for documentation, position of the parties concerned etc. However, the average time taken for arbitration is three or four months whereas cases that deemed to be more serious are often given priority. since ‘seeking possession’ (The legal way of getting a person evicted) involves several procedures like getting a court order, notice of possession, notice of eviction etc landlords tend to choose third party arbitration. Hence, with regard to rent arrears issues, arbitration has been found more effective way when compared

Impact of Multinational Corporations on Developing Countries

Impact of Multinational Corporations on Developing Countries Introduction For too long, citizens have been content to follow where government and multinational corporations lead. The profit motive has become immune to attack. It is understood that as long as something is profitable for shareholders, nothing else matters enough Occupy Protester CTV Op-ED RT News. The word Multinational is a combined word of Multi and National, which when combined refers to numerous countries. A Multinational Corporation is a corporation that has its facilities and other valuable assets in at least one country, which is other than its parent country. It is a organization or company that both produces and sells services and goods in a multitude of countries. Some MNCs have a budget which is greater than some small sized countries GDPs. [1] Some of the major examples of MNCs today are Nokia, McDonalds, Microsoft, Exon Mobile and BP. One of the initial MNCs was the East India Company (1600 1874), which is an excellent examples of both the benefits and drawbacks of such ventures. On one hand there existed a dynamic profit making entity, on the other existed a company operating on foreign soil, under very little control of the British government, having, operating and running their own private armies, utilizing military power and ultimately taking over administrative functions of India. MNCs have come a long way since then and have seen a sharp increase in the past few decades. The numbers of active MNCs went from being roughly 7,000 in the 1970s to 78,000 in 2006, being responsible for over half the global industrial output. [2] Multinational corporations usually bring with them foreign direct investment, which is direct investment in a country by the company for expanding their existing business base or for buying of raw goods and inputs from them. Multinational corporations were the vital factor in globalization, where local and national governments competed against each other in order to incentives and attract more MNCs and ultimately, investment in their countries. An example of such incentive is the Free Trade Zones, where goods may be manufactured, handled, landed or even exported without any intervention of the local custom authorities. Most of these free trade zones exist in developing countries such as Pakistan, Mexico, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Brazil and India, as they are eager to attract more foreign investors. [3] Definition of MNC: Economists are not in unanimous agreement as to how best define trans or multinational corporations. Most MNCs are multidimensional and can be viewed from a multitude of perspectives. These include: Ownership, strategy, management and structural. According to Franklin Root (1994), that though some argue that ownership is the key criterion amongst all of the above, a firm truly becomes multinational given its parent company or headquarter is run/owned by nationals of varying countries. Examples that fit this category are Unilever and Shell, which are owned and run by Dutch and British interests. However via this test, very few companies would fall under the banner of being a true Multinational company, rather most are uninational. According to Howard Perlmutter (1969) [4] multinational companies might pursue either world oriented, host country oriented or home country oriented policies. He uses these terms as geocentric, polycentric and ethnocentric, however the last is misleading since it focuses upon ethnicity and race, but most countries are themselves populated by a variety and mix of races, whereas Polycentric means the MNCs operations only take place in a couple of foreign countries. Franklin Root (1994) [5] states that MNC is a parent company which: Shows implementation of strategies of finance, marketing, staffing and production in its business. Has direct and binding control over its affiliates and their policies. Uses those affiliates to conduct foreign production in several countries. Advantages of MNCs Increased Investment: The primary argument in favor of MNCs is that they enable investment into less developed countries which is essential for their growth. According to this argument, there exists a huge gap between the optimal investment levels and the levels of savings in a country. This gap can be minimized via foreign direct investments, i.e. transfer of resources from a foreign source in the form of economic injections. Technological Transfers: Another important aspect is the issue of technological transfer. Any MNC operating in a certain country needs to have an agreement with the host country about its operating guidelines. This can be both beneficial or harmful, depending upon the negotiations. If done right, the MNC would agree to a transfer of technology which would turn out to be very beneficial for the host country, since technological advancements require huge research and development funds that the developing countries just do not have. So it makes sense for them to open up their markets in exchange for a technology that could make them self reliant and self sustaining. Transfer of skills: Like a transfer of technology, MNCs also bring with them a wealth of knowledge and experience. Their staff is amongst the best in the world and employees from the less developed countries learn plethora of skills from them, enabling them to train others and have a trickledown effect. Foreign firms pay for and provide world class training to its employees and stimulates intellectual as well as capital growth. Trickle down effects: MNCs, via their broad investments enable linkages backward, forward and horizontally. Not only does the MNC provide a FDI, but it also benefits companies that it collaborates with, such as industries that produce complementary goods. The service industry also benefits via the increase in investment. It creates additional demand and improves infrastructure abilities. Increase in Tax revenue: An increase in tax revenue is also an added benefit, since the host country gets to tax them and includes it in their public revenue. This can be used to finance projects that lead to development of infrastructure, causing economic development. Reduces gap between capital and labor: Less developed countries are also highly labor sensitive. As in the ratio of capital to labor is very low. MNCs employee vast numbers of the local population reducing this gap, creating jobs and employment and revenue means for the populace. There are two effects, direct and indirect. Job creation is direct, while the increased stimulus in demand and supply is the indirect employment effect. Encourages competition: This investment encourages entrepreneurship and breeds a culture of competition, increasing competitiveness amongst local companies, causing them to improve their own goods and services by increasing their efficiency and ultimately quality in order to better compete. Improves Balance of Payments: An added benefit of foreign direct investment is that it helps the Balance of Payments of both, the capital and current accounts, of the host country. Criticism of MNCs: Multinational corporations do control. They control the politicians. They control the media. They control the pattern of consumption, entertainment, thinking. Theyre destroying the planet and laying the foundation for violent outbursts and racial division. Jerry Brown There are two sides to every coin, and this is no different. Critics of MNCs state that the cons far outweigh the pros that MNC involvement brings to host countries. The primary concern for them is the high levels of unmonitored influence these companies have on host countries. Colonialism: MNCs are seen as a offshoot of western colonialism, albeit in a more subtle manner. Far from improving the balance of payments on both the current and capital accounts, critics argue that MNCs worsen it. This they argue happens when the profits are repatriated to their own countries. Though the local governments may come to an agreement that a certain portion of their inputs be bought in the local market, this however may come at a cost with negative impacts upon the less developed countries current accounts. Unmatchable influence: The power, influence and reach of these MNCs have enabled them to have considerable and highly influential affect on the political dynamics of numerous governments and their countries. The MNCs have been known to use this influence to pressurize governments into letting them become more competitive via the implementation of national policies that is conductive to their end goals, which is ultimately a hefty profit. One major drawback of such reforms is a vast decline in any socio-economic reforms. The regulation and responsibilities of states is growing in number as MNCs continue to expand economically and geographically. A set of new difficulties have taken rise as MNCs continue to take over most economic activities. Today, they outnumber states in terms of size and power. General Motors is an outstanding example to explain this phenomenon. The MNC is run at a scale larger than seven nations together. The power it has in terms of economics and politics, allows it to control a huge chunk of the world. Hence, it is worthwhile to note that since the 1990s when there were only 3 MNCs controlling the worlds economies, the number jumped up to 15 within the span of 10 years. Their large investment portfolios make MNCs a powerhouse when it comes to the negotiating table and most developing countries cannot match up to their level, enabling the MNCs to get the upper hand. This leads to them coercing the government into implementing policies that favor their needs at the expense of the local industry and market. Technological fraud: Technological transfer agreements are not always kept, and when kept they are usually skewed in favor of the MNC. Even though most do not agree to a full transparent technological transfer, even if that comes to pass, the technology passed onto the country is usually obsolete in nature or is patented so it would be of little use to the host country on a global scale. Little or No accountability: MNCs comprise of international bodies which function beyond the state authorities, in terms of decision making power and the power they hold over monetary assets. Though this legitimate challenge has been out there for thirty years now, yet only slight developments have been noted in terms of accountability. The old-fashioned regulatory body and the MNCs significant economic and political power have resulted in a clash which makes the regulation of states turn into a major problem. The MNC has surpassed the national legal structures and disregarded the delicate international bodies, increasing the already existing burden of fulfilling the basic norms of human rights. Undermine Social and Economic Rights: The MNCs dominant and significant position within the international forum increases its opposing competencies. MNCs can easily promote or undermine economic and social rights, which can in turn affect the international community, positively or negatively, depending on the local market of an economy. Though the State still holds much power over the laws and regulations on an international level, MNCs have a considerable impact over the decision making process of nation-states. As MNCs continue to grow economically and politically, the shift in power is gradually becoming visible. It is a must that the MNCs take into consideration the impact that they are leaving in developing countries. As MNCs continue to grow, their interference in the public domain also continues to increase. Their interference, leads to social and economic hazards for the public, i.e., the shareholders, employees, consumers and local populations. There is increasing support that calls for a more rigid and stricter regulation of the responsibilities of MNCs within their new assumed role. The world order is determined via deregulations of economics in nature and the lessening of government responsibilities when it comes to the public domain. This new reality has highlighted the growing need for regulation, as the influencing powers of various private organizations is increasing. This needs to be done in order to manage policies and reduce the gap. This extends to the customarily governmental realm of political and social policy, which are areas in which the Multinational Companies hold particular sway. Their contribution, be it positive or negative, will affect the economies, accordingly. Hence, a positive outlook on their part is a necessity if economic, cultural and social rights are to be promoted in this growing world of evils. Stifles Competition: The superiority of MNCs shines through their competitive nature as the stifle competition by getting subsidized inputs, lowering their costs and then competes with local manufacturers who cannot realistically match up to their prices. This results in a lot of them leaving the field, leaving the MNCs to monopolies the economy and then once in power, to jack up prices. Although FDI is supposed to foster growth, with the inclusion of MNCs it might lead to a loss of jobs as more businesses are put out of work. Although host countries require foreign investors to have a fix percent of local workers, this requirement is on the decline due to WTOs agreement on Trade Related measures on investment. Unmatched budgets: An offshoot of their influence on the government, the MNCs also have a huge advertising budget, which enables them to portray a much better image in the eyes of the local populace. With budgets that run in the millions, MNCs almost always succeed in gaining mass market shares of their products since the local companies cannot produce/hire production companies to do the same. This again alienates the local entrepreneurs and makes it harder for the majority of the population. Human Right abuses: The Multinational Corporation is an adaptable and established entity that profits from the principles of neo-liberal economics, as well as the predicament of the home and host state, the combination of which with restricted levels of liability and a decentralized decision-making hierarchy allows for abuses of human rights to take place internationally, by having doubt standards. Moreover, polices of MNCs such as the WTO, OECD, IMF and the World Bank, have enabled MNCs to gain a position of considerable influence on agendas of social and economic nature. In this never ending race to be the most economical, one major aspect that has not been given much due consideration is linked to the capacity that a state has to meet the terms and conditions of different forms of human rights obligations, i.e. economic, cultural and social rights. In order to meet this challenge, IMF and the World Bank have imposed economic reforms that allow production of goods and services to be worth exporting along with being deregulated and privatized. Foreign investment has become a must. Today, all states are inclined towards easing labor standards and modifying legal taxes to attract foreign investors. This inclination of states, in turn has led to a major destruction of human rights principles and the capability of states to self-sufficiently regulate their progress. Cooperation is required not only on an international level but also from non-state actors to safeguard rudimentary societal and financial privileges. As nations continue to fight over sovereig nty and the power shift continues to impact human rights negatively, the international legal structure is fast becoming inadequate to regulate and control the growth of influential non-state players, i.e. MNCs. Environmental impacts: Economic globalization has had quite a destructive impact on state regulation. People have been affected negatively and gradually the impact is increasing and becoming more obvious. The more competitive a nation, the lesser the regulations. Though this tactic is almost perfect in attracting multinational corporations, it is quite destructive in nature. In order to compete with such nations, other states are also forced to decrease their regulatory measures if they wish to get foreigners to invest in their country. No nation wishes to reduce its competitiveness or power. Foreign investors are now consuming the money that should have been legally invested in maintains the rights of the public socially, economically and culturally. Hence, MNCs are free from any legal obligations which may bind them and put a stop to the activities which are prone to destruct the communities that are subjected to the MNCs treatment. Moving Forward: With the growing economic power of corporations, an increasing number of domestic and international systems have started relinquishing control over their business over to their locally dominant MNCs. This leads to economic power having a say over political influence, which can be dangerous if left unchecked. The MNCs have complete power over national development, i.e. on matters such as trade, patent and monetary strategies. While regimes remain divided due to contradictory interests (effectiveness versus social modification), MNCs have a terse, vibrant and single-minded aim of creating as much profit as possible à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" profit which allows them to control all parties a national and international level. The abuse faced by developing countries at the hands of MNCs has now become almost unbearable. The international financial structure that accentuates the free market way of thinking, denationalization and a decrease in the involvement of the public sector is thwarting many developing and underdeveloped countries from sanctioning a fair and reasonable progress, on the basis of human rights. MNCs have uncountable funds, are only inclined to maximize profit, use the least amount of employees possible, jump from nation to nation without much consideration , import employees rather than using the local labor, and refuse to acknowledge the social requirements of the state they operate in. All these activities directly impact the socio-economic rights of the public. As a consequence of these elements and several other international monetary problems such as inadequate technology transmission, absence of external investment and the brain drain, various developing countries need guidelines in order to react efficiently to the circumstances. [6] There is a growing mistrust and anger developing in the developing countries where the economic and environmental impacts have started to show. Conclusion: I was initially recruited while I was in business school back in the late sixties by the National Security Agency, the nations largest and least understood spy organization; but ultimately I worked for private corporations. John Perkins In his book, Confessions of an Economic Hitman (2004) [7] , John Perkins states how he was hired by such organizations to coerce leaders of developing countries to take high levels of un payable loans in favor of a quick short time gain. He states that by doing so, the country would eventually default or ask for more time, upon which these multinationals would sweep in and monopolize the markets. This practice, he emphasized was being carried out globally and under the guise of various fronts. The public must be made aware of such fraudulent activities and they should demand an end to such exploitations. A few sweeping observations can be made. With trade and investment barriers on the verge of being dissolute globally, the penetration of MNCs across the globe, especially in developing markets is bound to increase. This would lead them into further clawing their way into the inner workings of weak governments and increase their socio-politico-cultural influences. With numerous MNCs merging, they are increasing their powers and would be harder to resist. Foreign direct investments has its pros and cons. However they should not be ignored for fear of their adverse effects. Instead policies should be made to better utilize them as the host country sees fit. Foreign capital is one of the primary catalyst of encouraging development, but it should never been treated as an alternate to domestic investments, but rather a helping supplement. Developing countries need to develop more indigenous industries that are capable of competing on a global scale, in a market full of MNCs. This cannot be done if local industries are considered infant industries and given subsidies so they could play safe, rather they should be forced to compete with the best of them, which would enable them to increase their efficiency. Less developed countries should focus internally and improve basic areas, so as to better compete against mega organizations and prevent them from dominating the market. This can only be done if they are made to come to economies of scale and plan on operating on a global scale, rather within the confines of a few local markets. [8] Multinational Companies are a reality and they are here to stay for the forseeable future. It is time for countries which have been exploited to start making changes and amend their ways for the better and the sooner the better.

The History and Impact of the Printing Press Essay -- Technology

Everyday people read newspapers and books, but where did printing begin? The movable type printing press by Johannes Gutenberg made this all possible. Johannes first conceived of this idea of the printing press in the 15th century in order to speed up the slow process of producing books (Bantwal). The movable type printing press, the first real technology of its kind, helped to solve problems, but in turn also caused problems. This technology did influence many areas of life in its lifespan. This includes challenging the church and poisoning people with the increased toxins from mass products of materials. Depending on one’s point of view, this invention could be the best or worst thing to happen during the 15th century. Regardless of that, the printing press’s influence was widespread and therefore, was a great invention for the machine’s time. Despite the negative repercussions of Gutenberg’s movable printing press, the machine is a positive technology. Johannes Gutenberg created the printing press in the year 1452. Four other technologies that were more or less common to different parts of the world, made the printing press possible. The first technology was a wine/olive in the screw-press, which areas of Asia and Europe used to obtain oils and create wines. The second invention was block-print technology that Marco Polo originally brought to Europe. A third technology is oil-based ink that was invented in the eleven hundreds. Since this ink smears on vellum, printing did not use this ink. Vellum was costly, but durable so books that took awhile to make utilized this material. Finally, the fourth material was paper, which many process make different forms of all over the globe (Bantwal). Gutenberg used these old technologies ... ...to thank. Everyone should know the origins of many of the technologies in the world and many of those do lead straight back to the printing press. Without this invention, the world would have stayed in the dark ages for generations. People, as a species would not be anywhere close to what we have achieved. Works Cited Bantwal, Natasha. "History of the Printing Pres." Buzzle.com: Intelligent Life on the Web. Buzzle.com. Web. 19 Apr. 2012. Beach, Justin. "Pros of the Printing Press." EHow. Demand Media, 08 Apr. 2011. Web. 19 Apr. 2012. Jensen, Carolyn. "Jensen Review." Rev. of The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe. Lore. San Diego State University. Web. 24 Apr. 2012. "Printing Press." ThinkQuest. Oracle Foundation. Web. 22 Apr. 2012. Ross, Tiffany. "Negative Effects of the Printing Press." EHow. Demand Media, 28 Mar. 2011. Web. 19 Apr. 2012.

Lab report

Repeatability measurements were taken on a bolt to get the total length, and also measuring the low rate of a faucet by measuring the amount of time it took to fill a beaker. To ensure a more accurate sample, twenty measurements of each section were obtained. For the batch measurement portion of this lab, a multi-meter was used to measure the resistance in a pack of ten resistors. Each member measured the resistors twice to allow for more precise statistical analysis.After all measurements were recorded, statistical analysis such as mean, standard deviation, and true mean range with 90%, 95%, and 99% confidence intervals were used to obtain the results. Once calculations were made, it was determined that there was error in this vibratory due to the environment and to human error, however all of the results fell within the ranges of confidence for each given section. Relevance In this experiment length, flow rate, and resistance was measured and the true mean was calculated. It was ob served that the true mean varied depending on the variation of the sample mean and sample standard deviation.It was shown that the population mean, or true mean, could not be found exactly, but could be estimated as a range with a certain level of confidence with the measurement of the sample mean and sample standard deviation. The knowledge practiced in this lab can be lawful in future experiments if say a company needs to estimate the population average with a specified level of confidence of a bolt that they only have a few samples of. Introduction There are multiple ways of measurement, as well as, many different types of ways to analyze raw data.In this lab the objective is to experiment with two different types of measurements, repeatability and batch measurements. Theoretically the bolt length plus the cap thickness (B+C) should be equal to the measured total length of the bolt(A). Taking multiple measurements done by multiple people until twenty samples re obtained measuring all four components of the bolt and obtaining the raw data of bolt measurements. By having multiple people take measurements a small amount of human error is removed in case one person didn't measure as accurate.By having multiple measurements done by each person a bigger sample size is obtained, and bigger sample size typically means more accurate results. After the measurements were made a sample mean was calculated, as well as, a sample standard deviation for all four components of the bolt. The sample mean and sample standard deviation were 2 lactated to estimate the true mean of the population with a level of confidence of 90 and 95 percent. Once the true mean of each component was estimated a comparison was made between the total length(A) and the sum of the cap thickness(S) and bolt length(C).In theory (B+C) should equal the total length of the bolt(A), as they represent the same length. Though they should be the same, they are not. The sum of measurements, (B) and (C) yield a much wider range of true mean than the measurement of (A). This difference is created by multiple types of error such as, human error, maybe reading the caliper wrong. Or error such as mechanical error, maybe the caliper itself was broken or not calibrated. In the second module of this lab the flow rate of the faucet water is measured using a stop watch and a mall beaker.Obtaining the flow rate of the water in 20 different samples, then summarizing the raw data into sample mean and sample standard deviation. With the sample mean and standard deviation, the true mean is to be estimated with a confidence level of 90 percent and then again with 95 percent. In the third module the measurements were made in batches. The measurements of batches of resistors were measured with a Center Multi-meter to make sure they all locked in at the same resistance. The resistors measured in this lab were quite strong, getting up to kick.Each group member measured the batch of resistors twice, then a pooled mean and pooled standard deviation was calculated. Pooling all the members samples together gives us one large sample and a more accurate estimate of the true mean. Using these calculated pooled mean and standard deviation the true mean was found as a range with a 99 percent level of confidence, and then again with a 95 percent level of confidence. The experimental setup and procedures are described in section The results of the experiments can be found n section {V} followed by conclusions in section {VI}.The appendix with the data chart can be found in section{Veil} Testing the repeatability of the measurements and taking the sample average and sample standard deviation to compare with each other, as well as, estimate the population mean and standard deviation. In three different modules linear dimension, flow rate, and resistance were measured. The primary objectives of this lab are to practice using devices that measure length and flow rate, to apply statistical principl es to raw data sets, and to become familiar with use off multi-meter. Formulas Used: Sample MeanStandard Deviation True Mean Range 3 Experiment: Equipment: Pittsburgh 6†³ Caliper Bolt Cent-Tech Digital Multi-meter CTD 10 pack of electrical resistors (gold, yellow, red, yellow) mall Beaker Digital Stopwatch Procedure: This experiment utilizes the billeted above. The experiment is broken down into three sections. First take the caliper and the bolt, calibrate the caliper to make sure that accurate measurements are collected. Measure the complete length of the bolt, thickness of the head, width of the threads and the length of the bolt to the base of the head.Repeat the measurement a total of twenty times split evenly between the roof members and record the results. Second, take a mall beaker and a stopwatch to the sink and turn the water faucet on to attain a constant flow rate of water. Use the stopwatch to measure the time it takes from the first drop of water entering the beak er to the instant the water begins to overflow from the top of the beaker. Empty the beaker of water repeat this measurement a total of twenty times split evenly between the group members and record the results. For the last portion of this lab, take a pack of resistors and the multi-meter.Set the millimeter to the appropriate reference resistance and begin measuring each of the sisters one at a 4 time. Each member will measure the set of resistors twice for a total of twenty resistance measurements per each member of the group. Record the measurements from each member and calculate the true mean resistance. Procedure Changes: The only change/ improvement made to the experiment was during the batch measurement section. It was found that more accurate readings of each resistor could be attained by taping the resistor pack to the table to keep it in place while using the probes to measure the resistance.This change will allow the group to move quicker through the experiment and not to make any mistakes such as possibly measuring the same resistor twice in a row. The experimental procedure is very straight forward and the group should not encounter any difficulties. Results/Discussion This lab required three different modules to be completed with two different types of measurements: batch and repeatability. The bolt measurement along with the volume flow rate were to be completed using repeatability, while the resistance module used batch measurements.The data was to be recorded and put into tables and analyzed using the mean, standard deviation, and true mean to determine whether the measurements were in the desired confidence intervals. 5 Linear Dimension Module: The first set of data was recorded using a manual caliper and a bolt. Four measurements were to be taken from the bolt: length, cap thickness, bolt length, and major diameter. These measurements lead to some error as expected, mostly human error and calibration of the manual calipers. There was also so me error due to the uneven sides of the bolt and the angle at which the calipers were held against the bolt.Table la. Shows the summarized data falls within the 95% Confidence Interval. Measurement Total Length (A) Cap Thickness (B) Bolt Length (C) Major Diameter (D) B+C Sample Mean (in. ) (in. ) 2. 2661 0. 0033 0. 2825 0. 0031 1 . 9791 0. 0262 . 30327 0. 0007 2. 2616 0. 0268 Table la. Statistics of Bolt Measurements (95%) [2. 265, 2. 267] [0. 2810, 0. 2839] [1. 967, 1. 991] [0. 3024, 0. 3030] [2. 249, 2. 274] The second part of the linear module was to compare the difference between the total length (A) and the sum of cap thickness and bolt length (B+C).The results show that there was a lower CLC with the total length measurement than with the addition of two parts. This is most likely because of the accuracy of two measurements has more mom for error from the angle of the calipers and human error. Table b. Shows the comparison of the two measurements. The full experimental data fo r the linear module is listed in Table A in the Appendix. Table b. Comparison of bolt statistics Flow Rate Module: Measurement of the flow rate from a sink using a stopwatch and beaker was the second of the repeatability measurements.This module produced the most error most likely from human error with stopping and starting of the stopwatch. The inconsistent flow from the sink also contributed to some of the error. The standard aviation in this experiment was high, but after 6 calculating the true mean range for a 90% and 95% confidence interval, the sample mean falls within both ranges with a few outliers. Table LLC. Shows the summary of the data. The full experimental data is listed in Table B in the Appendix . (ECMA/min) 5300. 95 CLC (ECMA/metro) 138. 835 [5247. 27, 5354. 3] Table LLC. Flow Rate Module Statistics 95% CLC (ECMA/metro) [5235. 97, 5365. 93] Resistance Module: In the final part of this lab, resistors were to be measured in batches from each of the group members. This section of the lab showed the most precision with the least error. From the color coded bands on the ten resistors, it was concluded that the value of the resistors was 470 sq. All of the results in table old. Show that the resistors were only reading 400 sq. All 60 recorded measurements were close to 400 ink which could be from mislabel resistors.The pooled mean of the three samples does fall within the 90% and 95% confidence intervals even with including some outliers in the data. The full experimental data can be found in Table C in the Appendix. Sample Mean (Q) 400. 033 99% (Q) 1. 588 [399. 02, 401. 05] Table old. Resistance Module Statistics 95% CLC (sq) [399. 29, 400. 78] Conclusion: This laboratory focused on repeatability measurements, batch measurements, and statistical concepts/ principles to analyze the collected data. This was achieved through the use of a caliper, stopwatch, and a digital multi-meter for measurement purposes.Using these tools, the group is able to meas ure length, flow rate, and resistance. The statistical concepts used in this lab were sample mean, standard deviation, true mean, and the range and level of confidence. The results of the linear dimension module prove that there is always going to be a small amount of human error when using devices such as a manual caliper. That error is relatively larger when trying to sum two measurements as compared to measuring a total length . The measurement of the bolt as a whole has a narrower CIA and true mean range of [2. 265, 2. 267].The 7 standard deviation for total length (A) [0. 0033 in. ] supports the theory that measuring the entire length at once is more accurate than summing the cap thickness (B) and bolt length (C) together, which is evident by analyzing the standard deviation of (B+C) [0. 0268 in. ]. The results of the flow rate module show that there is significantly far more human error when trying to measure the time it takes for water o fill a beaker. This can be attributed to response time of starting/stopping the stopwatch. The standard deviation [138. 835 /min] seems high, but calculations show that the sample mean [5300. 5 /min] falls within the true mean range for CLC [5247. 27, 5354. 63 /metro] and also for 95% CLC [5235. 97, 5365. 93 /min]. The results of the resistance module indicated a difference between the sample mean [400. 033 sq] of the batch measurements and the supposed value of the resistors [470 sq] according to the color coded bands. This was the most precise module with a standard deviation of [1. 588 sq] and all the pooled means fall within he 95% CLC with a true mean range of [399. 29, 400. 78 sq], and the 99% CLC with a range of [399. 02, 401. 05 sq].This laboratory experiment allowed the group to differentiate between repeatability measurements and batch measurements and apply the statistical theories learned in lecture to analyze the collected data. To minimize error percentage, calibrating the caliper before each measurement m ight be advantageous. Another advantage might be making markings on the bolt where each member of the group takes measurements instead of at random/different spots each time. Lab Report Lab Report 3 In this lab, we will take a trip to the planetarium lab and will learn about Right ascension and declination, and altitude and zenith. After looking at the different points shown, we will log the altitude and zenith in the chart in our lab manual. Now we will look at the same points and label the right ascension and declination. Then we will learn about the easiest way to locate the star Polaris. As we started the first program, we answered a few questions to make sure we knew the general idea of stars.Then we labeled the altitude and azimuth of five objects. Aldebran had a altitude of 54o and an azimuth of 203o. Betelgeuse had an altitude of 47o and an azimuth of 203o. Castor had an altitude of 62o and an azimuth 118o. Deneb had an altitude of 13o and an azimuth of 328o. Elnath had an altitude of 68o and an azimuth of 184o. After that, we looked at the right ascension and declination (RA and DEC). Aldebran had a RA of 4. 6 hours and a DEC of 16o. Elnath had an RA of 5. 3 hours and a DEC of 28o. Betelgeuse had an RA of 5. hours and a DEC of 8o. Castor had an RA of 7. 6 hours and a DEC of 32o. Deneb had an RA of 20. 7 hours and a DEC of 46o. Finally we looked at the Big Dipper and the Cassopia to find the star Polaris. This lab was super cool, I loved it. The planetarium was great way to learn more about the different constellations and stars in the sky. I never knew that Polaris was so close to the Big Dipper. Finding the all the right ascensions and declinations of the objects were fairly easy and felt like I learned to do it pretty easily now. Lab Report Example lab report of Synthesis of potassium tris (oxalato) ferrate (III) trihydrate Posted by  Nurul Yunaliyana Experiment 5: Synthesis of potassium tris (oxalato) ferrate (III) trihydrate Purpose: to synthesis potassium tris (oxalato) ferrate (III) trihydrate ,K3 [Fe (C2O4)3]. 3H2O. Introduction: Ferrous ammonium sulfate, Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2. 6H2O is dissolved in a slightly acid solution, excess oxalic acid, H2C2O4, is added and the following reaction takes place: Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2. 6H2O + H2C3O4 FeC2O4(s) + H2SO4 + (NH4)2SO4 + 6H2O FeC2O4 is finely divided precipitate and tends to be colloidal.However, heating the solution causes it to coagulate and facilitates separating the precipitate from the solution. Potassium oxalate is added to the FeC2O4 precipitate, which produces a slightly basic solution for the oxidation of the ferrous ion to the ferric ion, by hydroxide, H2O2. The following reaction takes place: H2O + HO2- +2Fe2+ 2Fe3+ + 3OH- The OH- ion concentration of the solution is hi gh enough so that some of the Fe3+ reacts with OH- to form ferric hydroxide(brown precipitate) as follows: Fe3+ + 3OH- Fe(OH)3 With the addition of more H2C2O4, the Fe(OH)3 dissolves and the soluble complex K3[fe(c2o4)3]. h20 is formed according to : 3k2C2O4 + 2Fe(OH)3 + 3H2C2O4 2K3[Fe(c2o4)3]. 3H20 + 3h2o Ethanol is added to the solution to cause the complex iron salt to precipitate. Data analysis and Discussion: In this experiment, I have studied how to synthesis coordination compound. Coordination compounds are formed when a neutral metal atom: Fe acting as a Lewis acid, reacts with some neutral molecules, acting as Lewis bases; or when a metallic cation, acting as a Lewis acid, reacts with any of a variety of organic or inorganic molecules, cations, or anions, acting as Lewis bases.These Lewis bases: C2O4 and H2O are called ligands. (Lewis acids are electron pair acceptors and Lewis bases are electron pair donors. Ferrous ammonium solution is added with oxalic acid dihydrate sol ution will form yellow solution with yellow precipitate. Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2. 6H2O + H2C3O4 FeC2O4(s) + H2SO4 + (NH4)2SO4 + 6H2O Then it is heated to boiling and the supernatant is decanted. As it is added with solid potassium oxalate, it is allowed to heat at 40 0 C and drop wise added with H2O2 and the solution turns to brown with precipitate for the oxidation of the ferrous ion to the ferric ion.H2O + HO2- +2Fe2+ 2Fe3+ + 3OH- Fe3+ + 3OH- Fe (OH) 3 Next, more oxalic acid dihydrate is added until the solution turns to colourless. 3k2C2O4 + 2Fe (OH) 3 + 3H2C2O4 2K3 [Fe (c2o4)3]. 3H20 + 3h2O The colourless solution is boiled then it turns to pale green solution. The solution is filtered then leaves for crystallization. After that, the green crystal is filtered and washed with 1:1 ethanol/ water and cooled acetone. The mass of bright (luminescent) green crystals is obtained which is 3. 2822 g. So, the percent yield of K3[Fe(C2O4)3]. H2O that I have obtained is 47. 72 %. The precautions tha t we must take are while heat the solution of ferrous ammonium sulfate and solution of oxalic acid dihydrate as it will bump. Next, beware of temperature (at least 40 0 C) of solution when add H2O2 into the solution. The next experiment is determination of the percentage of ligands in coordination compounds. Conclusion : I have studied how to synthesis coordination compound which is potassium tris (oxalato) ferrate (III) trihydrate ,K3 [Fe (C2O4)3]. H2O. The mass of bright (luminescent) green crystals is obtained which is 3. 2822 g. So, the percent yield of K3[Fe(C2O4)3]. 3H2O that I have obtained is 47. 72 %. Reference: 1. Hadariah Bahron, Kamariah Muda, S. Rohaiza S. Omar, Karimah Kassim (2011). Inorganic Chemistry. Experiments for Undergraduates, UPENA UiTM 2008. http://chem. science. oregonstate. edu/courses/ch221-3s/ch223s/2010_U_session_1/Report_Guideline_Green_Crystal_Sp_2010. pdf Lab Report Lab #7 Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to analyze known solutions of Ba(NO3)2, Ca(NO3)2, Mg(NO3)2 and Sr(NO3)2 (alkaline earths) and known solutions of NaBr, NaCl and NaI (halogens). Then we are given an unknown solution to determine what ions are present. Materials: 1. Test tubes 2. Test tube holder 3. Pipet 4. 1 M H2SO4 5. 0. 1 M Na(NO3)2 6. 0. 1 M Ca(NO3)2 7. 1 M Na2CO3 8. 0. 25 M (NH4)2C2O4 9. 0. 1 M KIO3 10. Bromine water 11. Chlorine water 12. Iodine water 13. 0. 1 M NaCl 14. 0. 1 M NaBr 15. 0. 1 M NaI 16. Unknown (E) Methods:Alkaline Earths 1. Wash the test tubes of any residue 2. Add 12 drops of 1m H2SO4 to four test 3. Then add 12 drops of 0. 1m Ba(NO3)2 to one test tube containing 1M H2SO2 4. Add 12 drops of 0. 1m Ca(NO3)2 to another test tube containing 1M H2SO2 5. Add 12 drops of 0. 1m Mg(NO3)2 to another test tube containing 1M H2SO2 6. Add 12 drops of 0. 1m Sr(NO3)2 to the final test tube containing 1M H2SO2 7. Observe and take notes on the precipitate or the lack of precipitate in each reaction 8. Clean the test tubes after taking notes . Repeat the procedure, but now with 12 drops of 1m Na2CO3 in each test tube 10. Add 12 drops of 0. 1M Ca(NO3)2 to another test tube containing 1M Na2CO3 11. Add 12 drops of 0. 1M Mg(NO3)2 to another test tube containing 1M Na2CO3 12. Add 12 drops of 0. 1M Sr(NO3)2 to the final test tube containing 1M Na2CO3 13. Observe and take notes on the precipitate or the lack of precipitate in each reaction 14. Clean the test tubes after taking the notes 15. Repeat the process with 12 drops of 0. 25M (NH4)2C2O4 16.Observe and take notes on the precipitate or the lack of precipitate in each reaction 17. Clean the test tubes after taking the notes 18. Repeat the process with 12 drops of 0. 1M KIO3 19. Observe and take notes on the precipitate or the lack of precipitate in each reaction 20. Clean the test tubes after taking the notes 21. Repeat the process with 12 drops of unknown (E) 22. Observe and take notes on th e precipitate or the lack of precipitate in each reaction and deduct if it’s Ba(NO3)2, Ca(NO3)2, Mg(NO3)2 or Sr(NO3)2. 23. Clean the test tubes after taking the notesHalogens 1. Place a few drops of bromine water into the test tube and add 12 drops of heptane and shake 2. Repeat the process with chlorine water and iodine water and note any color changes in each 3. Clean the test tubes after taking the notes 4. Get three test tubes and add 12 drops of bromine water to each test tube with 12 drops of HEP 5. Add 12 drops of 0. 1M NaCl to the first test tube, 12 drops of 0. 1M NaBr to the second test tube and 12 drops of 0. 1M NaI to the third test tube 6. Note the color of each reaction 7. Clean the test tubes after taking the notes . Repeat the steps but with 12 drops of chlorine water in each test tube with 12 drops of HEP 9. Observe the color of each reaction 10. Clean the test tubes after taking the notes 11. Repeat the steps but with 12 drops of iodine water in each test tu be with 12 drops of HEP 12. Observe the color of each reaction 13. Clean the test tubes after taking the notes 14. Repeat the steps but with 12 drops of unknown (E) in each test tube with 12 drops of HEP 15. Observe the color of each reaction and deduct if the unknown is either NaBr, NaCl or NaI Results:Alkaline | H2SO4| Na2CO3| (NH4)2C2O4| KIO3| Ba(NO3)2| Cloudy white| Very cloudy white| White precipitate sits on bottom| Tiny amounts of white precipitate| Ca(NO3)2| No reaction | Cloudy white| Cloudy white precipitate| No reaction| Mg(NO3)2| No reaction| White film on top| No reaction | No reaction| Sr(NO3)2| White precipitate on top| White cloudy solution with some white precipitate| Faint white cloudy foggy precipitate| Little amounts of tiny white precipitate| Unknown (E) | No reaction | White film on top| No reaction| No reaction| .Unknown Alkaline Earth: Mg(NO3)2 Reaction between Halogens and Halides | NaBr| NaCl| NaI| Unknown (E)| Bromine water| Light faint yellow| Golden yell ow| Faint yellow tint| Light faint yellow| Chlorine water| Dark yellow amber | Colorless| Light yellow| Dark yellow amber| Iodine water| Light yellow tint| Dark red color| Light yellow| Light yellow tint| Unknown Halogen: NaBr Color of Halogens in solution | Br2| Cl2| I2| Water| Orangey-Brown| Colorless| Brown| HEP| Orange| Colorless| Purple | Conclusion: Lab Report In order to determine the relationship between coffee consumption and two types of vital signs, respiration rate and blood pressure, my group (Group 4) designed a lab that measured the respiration rate and blood pressure of two participants, once after consuming water and then again after consuming coffee. After testing two participants blood pressure and respiration rate, it was found that the vital signs of the participants remained the same after consuming water but decreased slightly after consuming coffee.This lab is significant because it demonstrates that the consumption of coffee, on the contrary to Group 4’s hypothesis, caused a decrease in the vital sign measurements of the two participants rather than increasing as we initially hypothesized. This lab was done to determine and compare the effects that coffee drinking has on blood pressure and the respiration rate in two participants.The hypothesis configured by our group was that after drinking 1 cup of water the par ticipant’s blood pressure and respiration rate would remain constant, but after the drinking 1cup of coffee the participants blood pressure and respiration rate would increase as a result of the common compounds found in coffee. The control in this experiment is 1 cup of water, because the participant’s blood pressure and respiration rate are being measured, but they have not been exposed to the common compounds found in coffee.The dependent variable in the study is the participant’s blood pressure and respiration rate because the vital signs are the component in the experiment that are being measured. The independent variable is what is changed in the experiment and in this experiment that would be the amount of the common compounds the participants consume in 1 cup of coffee. The results of our lab disproved our hypothesis, that consuming coffee would increase the participant’s blood pressure and respiration rate, as seen in Table 1, Graph 1, and Graph 2.Although our expectations of the measurement of vital signs after consuming 1 cup of water were correct, we had expected the results from the measurement of both the respiration rate and the blood pressure to noticeably increase after consuming coffee due to the common compounds found in coffee. The lab, actually, resulted in the decrease of respiration rate and blood pressure after the consumption of coffee.The study preformed by the National Cancer Institute measured the association between coffee and its affects on health, as a result of reading this article I conducted a study that worked off the same principle. However, in the lab I attempted to narrow the causal relationship between the two by measuring the participant’s vital signs, respiration rate and blood pressure, in relationship to consuming coffee versus water and any potential periods or repeated periods of evaluated or descended vital signs has to the longevity of one’s life.The results of the lab sup port the findings of the National Cancer Institute because the article states that consuming coffee has positive affects on health and our lab concluded that coffee consumption lowers blood pressure, which is necessary for a person that may struggle with high blood pressure to become healthy. During the lab, the participants physiology, blood pressure and respiration rate, was lowered after consuming coffee, this served to calm the participant’s vital signs. To improve the validity of the study a few changes could be made to improve the results.For example, I believe that the vital signs were not effected greatly because of the time span used to complete the study, after drinking the coffee we immediately took the vital signs instead of waiting for the full effect to take place. An additional reason for the higher levels of the vital signs before the consumption of coffee could have been due to activities done prior to the lab thus increasing the vital sings measured after dr inking water. To improve upon these imperfections, the study could be done earlier in the day and with more resting periods before vital signs are taken.This lab was designed to determine the relationship between coffee consumption and two types of vital signs, respiration and blood pressure. The lab measured the respiration rate and blood pressure of two participants, once after consuming water and then again after consuming coffee. I hypothesized that the consumption of coffee would dramatically increase the participant’s respiration rate and blood pressure due to the consumption of the common compounds found in coffee that typically raise energy levels and alertness.However, the lab resulted in slightly lower respiration rates and blood pressure after the consumption of coffee than water as seen in Table 1, Graph 1, and Graph 2. The lab is significant because it demonstrates that the consumption of coffee, in contrast to our hypothesis, caused a decrease in the vital sign measurements of the two participants rather than increasing as we originally hypothesized. Works Cited National Institues of Health. â€Å"Coffee drinkers have lower risk of death, study suggests. † ScienceDaily, 19 May 2012. Web. 9 Oct. 2012 Lab report Repeatability measurements were taken on a bolt to get the total length, and also measuring the low rate of a faucet by measuring the amount of time it took to fill a beaker. To ensure a more accurate sample, twenty measurements of each section were obtained. For the batch measurement portion of this lab, a multi-meter was used to measure the resistance in a pack of ten resistors. Each member measured the resistors twice to allow for more precise statistical analysis.After all measurements were recorded, statistical analysis such as mean, standard deviation, and true mean range with 90%, 95%, and 99% confidence intervals were used to obtain the results. Once calculations were made, it was determined that there was error in this vibratory due to the environment and to human error, however all of the results fell within the ranges of confidence for each given section. Relevance In this experiment length, flow rate, and resistance was measured and the true mean was calculated. It was ob served that the true mean varied depending on the variation of the sample mean and sample standard deviation.It was shown that the population mean, or true mean, could not be found exactly, but could be estimated as a range with a certain level of confidence with the measurement of the sample mean and sample standard deviation. The knowledge practiced in this lab can be lawful in future experiments if say a company needs to estimate the population average with a specified level of confidence of a bolt that they only have a few samples of. Introduction There are multiple ways of measurement, as well as, many different types of ways to analyze raw data.In this lab the objective is to experiment with two different types of measurements, repeatability and batch measurements. Theoretically the bolt length plus the cap thickness (B+C) should be equal to the measured total length of the bolt(A). Taking multiple measurements done by multiple people until twenty samples re obtained measuring all four components of the bolt and obtaining the raw data of bolt measurements. By having multiple people take measurements a small amount of human error is removed in case one person didn't measure as accurate.By having multiple measurements done by each person a bigger sample size is obtained, and bigger sample size typically means more accurate results. After the measurements were made a sample mean was calculated, as well as, a sample standard deviation for all four components of the bolt. The sample mean and sample standard deviation were 2 lactated to estimate the true mean of the population with a level of confidence of 90 and 95 percent. Once the true mean of each component was estimated a comparison was made between the total length(A) and the sum of the cap thickness(S) and bolt length(C).In theory (B+C) should equal the total length of the bolt(A), as they represent the same length. Though they should be the same, they are not. The sum of measurements, (B) and (C) yield a much wider range of true mean than the measurement of (A). This difference is created by multiple types of error such as, human error, maybe reading the caliper wrong. Or error such as mechanical error, maybe the caliper itself was broken or not calibrated. In the second module of this lab the flow rate of the faucet water is measured using a stop watch and a mall beaker.Obtaining the flow rate of the water in 20 different samples, then summarizing the raw data into sample mean and sample standard deviation. With the sample mean and standard deviation, the true mean is to be estimated with a confidence level of 90 percent and then again with 95 percent. In the third module the measurements were made in batches. The measurements of batches of resistors were measured with a Center Multi-meter to make sure they all locked in at the same resistance. The resistors measured in this lab were quite strong, getting up to kick.Each group member measured the batch of resistors twice, then a pooled mean and pooled standard deviation was calculated. Pooling all the members samples together gives us one large sample and a more accurate estimate of the true mean. Using these calculated pooled mean and standard deviation the true mean was found as a range with a 99 percent level of confidence, and then again with a 95 percent level of confidence. The experimental setup and procedures are described in section The results of the experiments can be found n section {V} followed by conclusions in section {VI}.The appendix with the data chart can be found in section{Veil} Testing the repeatability of the measurements and taking the sample average and sample standard deviation to compare with each other, as well as, estimate the population mean and standard deviation. In three different modules linear dimension, flow rate, and resistance were measured. The primary objectives of this lab are to practice using devices that measure length and flow rate, to apply statistical principl es to raw data sets, and to become familiar with use off multi-meter. Formulas Used: Sample MeanStandard Deviation True Mean Range 3 Experiment: Equipment: Pittsburgh 6†³ Caliper Bolt Cent-Tech Digital Multi-meter CTD 10 pack of electrical resistors (gold, yellow, red, yellow) mall Beaker Digital Stopwatch Procedure: This experiment utilizes the billeted above. The experiment is broken down into three sections. First take the caliper and the bolt, calibrate the caliper to make sure that accurate measurements are collected. Measure the complete length of the bolt, thickness of the head, width of the threads and the length of the bolt to the base of the head.Repeat the measurement a total of twenty times split evenly between the roof members and record the results. Second, take a mall beaker and a stopwatch to the sink and turn the water faucet on to attain a constant flow rate of water. Use the stopwatch to measure the time it takes from the first drop of water entering the beak er to the instant the water begins to overflow from the top of the beaker. Empty the beaker of water repeat this measurement a total of twenty times split evenly between the group members and record the results. For the last portion of this lab, take a pack of resistors and the multi-meter.Set the millimeter to the appropriate reference resistance and begin measuring each of the sisters one at a 4 time. Each member will measure the set of resistors twice for a total of twenty resistance measurements per each member of the group. Record the measurements from each member and calculate the true mean resistance. Procedure Changes: The only change/ improvement made to the experiment was during the batch measurement section. It was found that more accurate readings of each resistor could be attained by taping the resistor pack to the table to keep it in place while using the probes to measure the resistance.This change will allow the group to move quicker through the experiment and not to make any mistakes such as possibly measuring the same resistor twice in a row. The experimental procedure is very straight forward and the group should not encounter any difficulties. Results/Discussion This lab required three different modules to be completed with two different types of measurements: batch and repeatability. The bolt measurement along with the volume flow rate were to be completed using repeatability, while the resistance module used batch measurements.The data was to be recorded and put into tables and analyzed using the mean, standard deviation, and true mean to determine whether the measurements were in the desired confidence intervals. 5 Linear Dimension Module: The first set of data was recorded using a manual caliper and a bolt. Four measurements were to be taken from the bolt: length, cap thickness, bolt length, and major diameter. These measurements lead to some error as expected, mostly human error and calibration of the manual calipers. There was also so me error due to the uneven sides of the bolt and the angle at which the calipers were held against the bolt.Table la. Shows the summarized data falls within the 95% Confidence Interval. Measurement Total Length (A) Cap Thickness (B) Bolt Length (C) Major Diameter (D) B+C Sample Mean (in. ) (in. ) 2. 2661 0. 0033 0. 2825 0. 0031 1 . 9791 0. 0262 . 30327 0. 0007 2. 2616 0. 0268 Table la. Statistics of Bolt Measurements (95%) [2. 265, 2. 267] [0. 2810, 0. 2839] [1. 967, 1. 991] [0. 3024, 0. 3030] [2. 249, 2. 274] The second part of the linear module was to compare the difference between the total length (A) and the sum of cap thickness and bolt length (B+C).The results show that there was a lower CLC with the total length measurement than with the addition of two parts. This is most likely because of the accuracy of two measurements has more mom for error from the angle of the calipers and human error. Table b. Shows the comparison of the two measurements. The full experimental data fo r the linear module is listed in Table A in the Appendix. Table b. Comparison of bolt statistics Flow Rate Module: Measurement of the flow rate from a sink using a stopwatch and beaker was the second of the repeatability measurements.This module produced the most error most likely from human error with stopping and starting of the stopwatch. The inconsistent flow from the sink also contributed to some of the error. The standard aviation in this experiment was high, but after 6 calculating the true mean range for a 90% and 95% confidence interval, the sample mean falls within both ranges with a few outliers. Table LLC. Shows the summary of the data. The full experimental data is listed in Table B in the Appendix . (ECMA/min) 5300. 95 CLC (ECMA/metro) 138. 835 [5247. 27, 5354. 3] Table LLC. Flow Rate Module Statistics 95% CLC (ECMA/metro) [5235. 97, 5365. 93] Resistance Module: In the final part of this lab, resistors were to be measured in batches from each of the group members. This section of the lab showed the most precision with the least error. From the color coded bands on the ten resistors, it was concluded that the value of the resistors was 470 sq. All of the results in table old. Show that the resistors were only reading 400 sq. All 60 recorded measurements were close to 400 ink which could be from mislabel resistors.The pooled mean of the three samples does fall within the 90% and 95% confidence intervals even with including some outliers in the data. The full experimental data can be found in Table C in the Appendix. Sample Mean (Q) 400. 033 99% (Q) 1. 588 [399. 02, 401. 05] Table old. Resistance Module Statistics 95% CLC (sq) [399. 29, 400. 78] Conclusion: This laboratory focused on repeatability measurements, batch measurements, and statistical concepts/ principles to analyze the collected data. This was achieved through the use of a caliper, stopwatch, and a digital multi-meter for measurement purposes.Using these tools, the group is able to meas ure length, flow rate, and resistance. The statistical concepts used in this lab were sample mean, standard deviation, true mean, and the range and level of confidence. The results of the linear dimension module prove that there is always going to be a small amount of human error when using devices such as a manual caliper. That error is relatively larger when trying to sum two measurements as compared to measuring a total length . The measurement of the bolt as a whole has a narrower CIA and true mean range of [2. 265, 2. 267].The 7 standard deviation for total length (A) [0. 0033 in. ] supports the theory that measuring the entire length at once is more accurate than summing the cap thickness (B) and bolt length (C) together, which is evident by analyzing the standard deviation of (B+C) [0. 0268 in. ]. The results of the flow rate module show that there is significantly far more human error when trying to measure the time it takes for water o fill a beaker. This can be attributed to response time of starting/stopping the stopwatch. The standard deviation [138. 835 /min] seems high, but calculations show that the sample mean [5300. 5 /min] falls within the true mean range for CLC [5247. 27, 5354. 63 /metro] and also for 95% CLC [5235. 97, 5365. 93 /min]. The results of the resistance module indicated a difference between the sample mean [400. 033 sq] of the batch measurements and the supposed value of the resistors [470 sq] according to the color coded bands. This was the most precise module with a standard deviation of [1. 588 sq] and all the pooled means fall within he 95% CLC with a true mean range of [399. 29, 400. 78 sq], and the 99% CLC with a range of [399. 02, 401. 05 sq].This laboratory experiment allowed the group to differentiate between repeatability measurements and batch measurements and apply the statistical theories learned in lecture to analyze the collected data. To minimize error percentage, calibrating the caliper before each measurement m ight be advantageous. Another advantage might be making markings on the bolt where each member of the group takes measurements instead of at random/different spots each time. Lab Report Lab Report 3 In this lab, we will take a trip to the planetarium lab and will learn about Right ascension and declination, and altitude and zenith. After looking at the different points shown, we will log the altitude and zenith in the chart in our lab manual. Now we will look at the same points and label the right ascension and declination. Then we will learn about the easiest way to locate the star Polaris. As we started the first program, we answered a few questions to make sure we knew the general idea of stars.Then we labeled the altitude and azimuth of five objects. Aldebran had a altitude of 54o and an azimuth of 203o. Betelgeuse had an altitude of 47o and an azimuth of 203o. Castor had an altitude of 62o and an azimuth 118o. Deneb had an altitude of 13o and an azimuth of 328o. Elnath had an altitude of 68o and an azimuth of 184o. After that, we looked at the right ascension and declination (RA and DEC). Aldebran had a RA of 4. 6 hours and a DEC of 16o. Elnath had an RA of 5. 3 hours and a DEC of 28o. Betelgeuse had an RA of 5. hours and a DEC of 8o. Castor had an RA of 7. 6 hours and a DEC of 32o. Deneb had an RA of 20. 7 hours and a DEC of 46o. Finally we looked at the Big Dipper and the Cassopia to find the star Polaris. This lab was super cool, I loved it. The planetarium was great way to learn more about the different constellations and stars in the sky. I never knew that Polaris was so close to the Big Dipper. Finding the all the right ascensions and declinations of the objects were fairly easy and felt like I learned to do it pretty easily now. Lab Report Example lab report of Synthesis of potassium tris (oxalato) ferrate (III) trihydrate Posted by  Nurul Yunaliyana Experiment 5: Synthesis of potassium tris (oxalato) ferrate (III) trihydrate Purpose: to synthesis potassium tris (oxalato) ferrate (III) trihydrate ,K3 [Fe (C2O4)3]. 3H2O. Introduction: Ferrous ammonium sulfate, Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2. 6H2O is dissolved in a slightly acid solution, excess oxalic acid, H2C2O4, is added and the following reaction takes place: Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2. 6H2O + H2C3O4 FeC2O4(s) + H2SO4 + (NH4)2SO4 + 6H2O FeC2O4 is finely divided precipitate and tends to be colloidal.However, heating the solution causes it to coagulate and facilitates separating the precipitate from the solution. Potassium oxalate is added to the FeC2O4 precipitate, which produces a slightly basic solution for the oxidation of the ferrous ion to the ferric ion, by hydroxide, H2O2. The following reaction takes place: H2O + HO2- +2Fe2+ 2Fe3+ + 3OH- The OH- ion concentration of the solution is hi gh enough so that some of the Fe3+ reacts with OH- to form ferric hydroxide(brown precipitate) as follows: Fe3+ + 3OH- Fe(OH)3 With the addition of more H2C2O4, the Fe(OH)3 dissolves and the soluble complex K3[fe(c2o4)3]. h20 is formed according to : 3k2C2O4 + 2Fe(OH)3 + 3H2C2O4 2K3[Fe(c2o4)3]. 3H20 + 3h2o Ethanol is added to the solution to cause the complex iron salt to precipitate. Data analysis and Discussion: In this experiment, I have studied how to synthesis coordination compound. Coordination compounds are formed when a neutral metal atom: Fe acting as a Lewis acid, reacts with some neutral molecules, acting as Lewis bases; or when a metallic cation, acting as a Lewis acid, reacts with any of a variety of organic or inorganic molecules, cations, or anions, acting as Lewis bases.These Lewis bases: C2O4 and H2O are called ligands. (Lewis acids are electron pair acceptors and Lewis bases are electron pair donors. Ferrous ammonium solution is added with oxalic acid dihydrate sol ution will form yellow solution with yellow precipitate. Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2. 6H2O + H2C3O4 FeC2O4(s) + H2SO4 + (NH4)2SO4 + 6H2O Then it is heated to boiling and the supernatant is decanted. As it is added with solid potassium oxalate, it is allowed to heat at 40 0 C and drop wise added with H2O2 and the solution turns to brown with precipitate for the oxidation of the ferrous ion to the ferric ion.H2O + HO2- +2Fe2+ 2Fe3+ + 3OH- Fe3+ + 3OH- Fe (OH) 3 Next, more oxalic acid dihydrate is added until the solution turns to colourless. 3k2C2O4 + 2Fe (OH) 3 + 3H2C2O4 2K3 [Fe (c2o4)3]. 3H20 + 3h2O The colourless solution is boiled then it turns to pale green solution. The solution is filtered then leaves for crystallization. After that, the green crystal is filtered and washed with 1:1 ethanol/ water and cooled acetone. The mass of bright (luminescent) green crystals is obtained which is 3. 2822 g. So, the percent yield of K3[Fe(C2O4)3]. H2O that I have obtained is 47. 72 %. The precautions tha t we must take are while heat the solution of ferrous ammonium sulfate and solution of oxalic acid dihydrate as it will bump. Next, beware of temperature (at least 40 0 C) of solution when add H2O2 into the solution. The next experiment is determination of the percentage of ligands in coordination compounds. Conclusion : I have studied how to synthesis coordination compound which is potassium tris (oxalato) ferrate (III) trihydrate ,K3 [Fe (C2O4)3]. H2O. The mass of bright (luminescent) green crystals is obtained which is 3. 2822 g. So, the percent yield of K3[Fe(C2O4)3]. 3H2O that I have obtained is 47. 72 %. Reference: 1. Hadariah Bahron, Kamariah Muda, S. Rohaiza S. Omar, Karimah Kassim (2011). Inorganic Chemistry. Experiments for Undergraduates, UPENA UiTM 2008. http://chem. science. oregonstate. edu/courses/ch221-3s/ch223s/2010_U_session_1/Report_Guideline_Green_Crystal_Sp_2010. pdf Lab Report Lab #7 Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to analyze known solutions of Ba(NO3)2, Ca(NO3)2, Mg(NO3)2 and Sr(NO3)2 (alkaline earths) and known solutions of NaBr, NaCl and NaI (halogens). Then we are given an unknown solution to determine what ions are present. Materials: 1. Test tubes 2. Test tube holder 3. Pipet 4. 1 M H2SO4 5. 0. 1 M Na(NO3)2 6. 0. 1 M Ca(NO3)2 7. 1 M Na2CO3 8. 0. 25 M (NH4)2C2O4 9. 0. 1 M KIO3 10. Bromine water 11. Chlorine water 12. Iodine water 13. 0. 1 M NaCl 14. 0. 1 M NaBr 15. 0. 1 M NaI 16. Unknown (E) Methods:Alkaline Earths 1. Wash the test tubes of any residue 2. Add 12 drops of 1m H2SO4 to four test 3. Then add 12 drops of 0. 1m Ba(NO3)2 to one test tube containing 1M H2SO2 4. Add 12 drops of 0. 1m Ca(NO3)2 to another test tube containing 1M H2SO2 5. Add 12 drops of 0. 1m Mg(NO3)2 to another test tube containing 1M H2SO2 6. Add 12 drops of 0. 1m Sr(NO3)2 to the final test tube containing 1M H2SO2 7. Observe and take notes on the precipitate or the lack of precipitate in each reaction 8. Clean the test tubes after taking notes . Repeat the procedure, but now with 12 drops of 1m Na2CO3 in each test tube 10. Add 12 drops of 0. 1M Ca(NO3)2 to another test tube containing 1M Na2CO3 11. Add 12 drops of 0. 1M Mg(NO3)2 to another test tube containing 1M Na2CO3 12. Add 12 drops of 0. 1M Sr(NO3)2 to the final test tube containing 1M Na2CO3 13. Observe and take notes on the precipitate or the lack of precipitate in each reaction 14. Clean the test tubes after taking the notes 15. Repeat the process with 12 drops of 0. 25M (NH4)2C2O4 16.Observe and take notes on the precipitate or the lack of precipitate in each reaction 17. Clean the test tubes after taking the notes 18. Repeat the process with 12 drops of 0. 1M KIO3 19. Observe and take notes on the precipitate or the lack of precipitate in each reaction 20. Clean the test tubes after taking the notes 21. Repeat the process with 12 drops of unknown (E) 22. Observe and take notes on th e precipitate or the lack of precipitate in each reaction and deduct if it’s Ba(NO3)2, Ca(NO3)2, Mg(NO3)2 or Sr(NO3)2. 23. Clean the test tubes after taking the notesHalogens 1. Place a few drops of bromine water into the test tube and add 12 drops of heptane and shake 2. Repeat the process with chlorine water and iodine water and note any color changes in each 3. Clean the test tubes after taking the notes 4. Get three test tubes and add 12 drops of bromine water to each test tube with 12 drops of HEP 5. Add 12 drops of 0. 1M NaCl to the first test tube, 12 drops of 0. 1M NaBr to the second test tube and 12 drops of 0. 1M NaI to the third test tube 6. Note the color of each reaction 7. Clean the test tubes after taking the notes . Repeat the steps but with 12 drops of chlorine water in each test tube with 12 drops of HEP 9. Observe the color of each reaction 10. Clean the test tubes after taking the notes 11. Repeat the steps but with 12 drops of iodine water in each test tu be with 12 drops of HEP 12. Observe the color of each reaction 13. Clean the test tubes after taking the notes 14. Repeat the steps but with 12 drops of unknown (E) in each test tube with 12 drops of HEP 15. Observe the color of each reaction and deduct if the unknown is either NaBr, NaCl or NaI Results:Alkaline | H2SO4| Na2CO3| (NH4)2C2O4| KIO3| Ba(NO3)2| Cloudy white| Very cloudy white| White precipitate sits on bottom| Tiny amounts of white precipitate| Ca(NO3)2| No reaction | Cloudy white| Cloudy white precipitate| No reaction| Mg(NO3)2| No reaction| White film on top| No reaction | No reaction| Sr(NO3)2| White precipitate on top| White cloudy solution with some white precipitate| Faint white cloudy foggy precipitate| Little amounts of tiny white precipitate| Unknown (E) | No reaction | White film on top| No reaction| No reaction| .Unknown Alkaline Earth: Mg(NO3)2 Reaction between Halogens and Halides | NaBr| NaCl| NaI| Unknown (E)| Bromine water| Light faint yellow| Golden yell ow| Faint yellow tint| Light faint yellow| Chlorine water| Dark yellow amber | Colorless| Light yellow| Dark yellow amber| Iodine water| Light yellow tint| Dark red color| Light yellow| Light yellow tint| Unknown Halogen: NaBr Color of Halogens in solution | Br2| Cl2| I2| Water| Orangey-Brown| Colorless| Brown| HEP| Orange| Colorless| Purple | Conclusion:

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